GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA
CARBON SEQUESTRATION RESEARCH
Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
(SECARB Phase II)
A study sponsored by the
National Energy
Technology Laboratory
through the
and
Virginia Center
for Coal and Energy Research
Project start date: 10/1/05
Expected completion: 9/30/10
Overview
The southeastern United States accounts for about 40 percent of the nationŐs carbon dioxide emissions, and reducing those emissions will help offset the effects of global warming. Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide has been identified as a viable approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and the U.S. Department of Energy has established seven regional partnerships to identify and test the best prospects for carbon sequestration throughout the United States.
Phase I of the regional partnership program focused on identification and characterization of potential geologic sinks and was completed on September 30, 2005. Phase II activities, which will continue into 2010, include continued characterization of promising geologic sinks and feature scaled field tests and monitoring programs to verify sequestration capacity and sink integrity.
The Geological Survey of Alabama is a member of the Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (SECARB) and has completed a Phase I investigation of potential geologic carbon sinks in Alabama, Mississippi, and the Florida panhandle. Phase II activities being conducted by the Geological Survey of Alabama are focused on the potential of coal as a sink for carbon dioxide. Assessment activities include the characterization of coal seams in the Appalachian thrust belt. In addition, a field test and monitoring program will be conducted in coalbed methane reservoirs of the Black Warrior basin. The University of Alabama has been instrumental in the design and implementation of the field test, Advanced Resources International is developing reservoir models to support the test, and Southern Company is conducting shallow subsurface and surface monitoring programs to ensure that the test is safe and effective.
Research
Significant potential for carbon sequestration and
enhanced coalbed methane recovery may exist in the coal-bearing Pottsville
Formation of the Cahaba and Coosa
synclinoria of the Appalachian thrust belt in Alabama, but that potential
has yet to be assessed. Coal seams of bituminous rank are distributed through a
thick stratigraphic section in
these synclinoria, and the thickness of individual seams is generally between
0.3 and 3.0 meters. The southwestern part of the Cahaba synclinorium has been
the site of extensive coalbed methane development, and significant coalbed
methane potential remains untapped in the northeastern part of the Coosa
synclinorium.
The SECARB Phase II assessment includes characterization of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology, coal quality, hydrogeology, and gas capacity of coal-bearing strata in the Cahaba and Coosa synclinoria. This assessment will quantify carbon sequestration potential and will identify the sequestration technologies that are best suited for these areas.
In the coalbed
methane fields of the Black Warrior basin, Pottsville coal beds are of
bituminous rank, are typically between 0.3 and 3.0 meters thick, and are
distributed through 700 to 1,500 meters of section. A recent assessment by the
Geological Survey of Alabama indicates that more than 5.9 trillion cubic feet
of carbon dioxide can be sequestered in the established coalbed methane fields
and that enhanced recovery operations has potential to increase coalbed methane
reserves by more than 20 percent.
The field test is being conducted in the Blue Creek
Coal Degasification Field, where coalbed methane wells are reaching maturity
and potential for commercialization of carbon sequestration and enhanced
coalbed methane recovery technology is high. A production well operated by El Paso Exploration and
Production, Incorporated, is being used for injection of about 250 tons of
carbon dioxide on the basis of a series of geological, engineering, and
logistical screening criteria.
The permeability of coal decreases exponentially with
depth, thus strategies need to be developed to manage injection into multiple
coal seams with a broad range of reservoir properties. Reservoir testing
consists of a series of production and injection-falloff tests in three coal
zones at depths between 300 and 600 meters, and deep monitoring of pressure and
gas composition will be conducted through packer tests in observation wells.
Baseline reservoir simulations aided in the design of the tests, and follow-up
simulations will be performed for history matching of the results.
Monitoring of gas composition in the soil profile is
being used to determine if seepage of injected gas occurs and to facilitate the
development of monitoring protocols that will ensure the safe conduct of
sequestration activities. In addition, stochastic reservoir modeling
software is being developed to characterize multi-phase flow in fracture
networks and to assess environmental risks associated with carbon sequestration
and enhanced coalbed methane recovery.
This project includes a vigorous technology transfer
program that is designed to support the demonstration and commercialization of
carbon sequestration technology. Results are being presented at technical
meetings and workshops and are being published in technical journals and meeting
proceedings. This website is also central to technology transfer activities,
and links to relevant reports and materials are given below:
Pashin, J. C., Carroll, R. E., Groshong, R. H., Jr.,
Raymond, D. E., McIntyre, M. R., and Payton, J. W., 2004, Geologic screening
criteria for sequestration of CO2 in coal: quantifying potential of
the Black Warrior coalbed methane fairway, Alabama: Final Technical Report,
U.S. Department of Energy, National Technology Laboratory, contract
DE-FC26-00NT40927, 254 p. (PDF; 46.2 Mb)
Pashin, J. C., and Raymond, D. E., 2004,
Glacial-eustatic control of coalbed methane reservoir distribution (Pottsville
Formation; Lower Pennsylvanian) in the Black Warrior basin of Alabama:
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, University of Alabama College of Continuing Studies, 2004
International Coalbed Methane Symposium Proceedings, Paper 0413, 15 p. (PDF; 5.1 Mb).
Pashin, J. C., 2005, Coalbed methane exploration in
thrust belts: experience from the southern Appalachians, USA: Tuscaloosa,
Alabama, University of Alabama, College of Continuing Studies, 2005
International Coalbed Methane Symposium Proceedings, paper 0519, 14 p. (PDF; 5.1 Mb).
Pashin, J. C., and Payton, J. W., 2005, Geological
sinks for carbon sequestration in Alabama, Mississippi, and the Florida
panhandle: Alabama Geological Survey, Final Report to Southern States Energy
Board, Subgrant SSEB-NT41980-997-GSA-2004-00 (.zip
archive; 62.4 Mb; requires ArcView 3.2 or better).
Pashin, J. C., and Clark, P. E., 2006, SECARB field
test for CO2 sequestration in coalbed methane reservoirs of the
Black Warrior basin: Tuscaloosa, Alabama, University of Alabama, College of
Continuing Studies, 2006 International Coalbed Methane Symposium Proceedings,
paper 0630, 7 p. (PDF; 1.5 Mb).
McIntyre, M. R., and Pashin, J. C., 2007, Carbon
sequestration and enhanced recovery potential of the Cahaba and Coosa
coalfields of the southern Appalachian thrust belt: Tuscaloosa, Alabama,
University of Alabama College of Continuing Studies, 2007 International Coalbed
Methane Symposium Proceedings, Paper 0708, 19 p. (PDF; 2.8 Mb).
McIntyre, M. R., Dayan, Adam, Pashin, J. C., Esposito,
R. A., Strazisar, B. R., and Clark, P. E., 2008, Surface monitoring for the
SECARB Black Warrior injection test, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama: Tuscaloosa,
Alabama, University of Alabama, College of Continuing Studies, 2008
International Coalbed & Shale Gas Symposium Proceedings, paper 0817, 17 p.
(PDF; 1.1 Mb)
Gruskiewicz, M. S., Naney, M. T., Blencoe, J. G.,
Cole, D. R., Pashin, J. C., and Carroll, R. E., 2009, Adsorption kinetics of CO2,
CH4, and their equimolar mixture on coal from the Black Warrior
basin, west-central Alabama: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 77, p.
23-33. (available through ScienceDirect at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2008.09.005)
Pashin, J. C., Clark, P. E., McIntyre, M. R., Carroll, R. E., Dayan, Adam, and
Esposito, R. A., 2010, SECARB Black Warrior Coal Test: PDF of presentation made
at SECARB Black Warrior Technology Transfer Workshop and Site Visit, June
22, 2010 (PDF; 5.7 Mb).
Jack C. Pashin, Geological Survey of Alabama (Principal investigator; coal and petroleum geology)
Peter E. Clark, University of Alabama (Petroleum engineering)
Richard E. Carroll, Geological Survey of Alabama (Coal geology)
Marcella R. McIntyre, Geological Survey of Alabama (Structural geology)
Adam Dayan, University of Alabama (Petroleum engineering)
George J. Koperna, Jr., Advanced Resources International (Reservoir modeling)
Marc Bustin, University of British Columbia (Sorption isotherms)
Contracting Officer Representatives
Bruce Brown, National Energy Technology Laboratory
Jerry Hill, Southern States Energy Board
Mike Karmis, Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research
Major
Sponsors and Partners
U.S.
Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
SECARB
(Southeastern Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership)
Virginia Tech (Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research)
EPRI
(Electric Power Research Institute)
Advanced
Resources International, Incorporated
University
of British Columbia
Denbury
Resources, Incorporated
Southern
Natural Gas/El Paso Exploration and Production, Incorporated
Acknowledgment
This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy through the Southern States Energy Board (Subgrant SSEB-SECARB2-998-T2-VAT-2005-00) and Virginia Tech (Subaward Agreement CR-19655-415227). However, any findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the DOE or other funding agencies.
The Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) makes every effort to collect, provide, and maintain accurate and complete information. However, data acquisition and research are ongoing activities of GSA, and interpretations may be revised as new data are acquired. Therefore, all information made available to the public by GSA should be viewed in that context. Neither the GSA nor any employee thereof makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report. Conclusions drawn or actions taken on the basis of these data and information are the sole responsibility of the user.